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དུས་གསུམ་སྤྱིར་བཏང་བ་ dus gsum spyir btang ba

English name: generic conjugation

A system of verb classes was introduced into Tibetan by the Tibetan scholar ཁམས་སྤྲུལ་ནོར་བུ་བསྟན་འཛིན་ <khams sprul nor bu bstan ‘dzin>. In his system, verbs were categorized into three basic classes:

The སྤྱིར་བཏང་བ་ <spyir btang ba> “generic” is defined as follows:

བྱ་ཚིག་མ་ནིང་བྱེད་པ་མོ་ཡིས་འཕུལ། །
པ་སྡེ་ལས་གཞན་འདས་ཚིག་ཕོ་ཡིས་འཕུལ། །
སྒྲ་གདངས་ཐ་དད་མགོ་ཅན་མེད་ངེས་ལ། །
བརྗོད་བདེར་བྱེད་ཚིག་མ་ནིང་འགྱུར་ཡང་སྲིད། །

“The future tense is preceded by the neuter, and the present by the female;
the past tense that is not of the pa-varga is preceded by the female;
the ones that have a different pronunciation are ascertained as having no superscript, and
the present tense may be neuter for ease of pronunciation.”

There are different ways of analyzing the subtypes of the verb classes. The source I am using here is the བརྡ་སྤྲོད་གཞུང་ལ་ལེགས་པར་འཇུག་པའི་ལམ་སྟོན། <brda sprod gzhung la legs par ‘jug pa’i lam ston> by འཇམ་དཔལ་ཡེ་ཤེས་རྒྱལ་མཚན་ <‘jam dpal ye shes rgyal mtshan>. In this presentation, the དུས་གསུམ་སྤྱིར་བཏང་བ་ <dus gsum spyir btang ba> can be divided into three subtypes:

  1. པ་སྡེ་མིན་པའི་སྤྱིར་བཏང་བ་
    <pa sde min pa’i spyir btang ba>
    “The generic of the non-pa-varga”
    • In the future tense it has one of the neuter prefix letters ག་ <ga> or ད་ <da>;
    • In the present tense it has the female prefix letter འ་ <‘a>;
    • In the past tense of the non-pa-varga, it has the male prefix letter བ་ <ba>.
  2. པ་སྡེའི་སྤྱིར་བཏང་བ་
    <pa sde’i spyir btang ba>
    “The generic of the pa-varga”
    • In the future tense it has only the prefix letter ད་ <da>;
    • In the present tense it has the female prefix letter འ་ <‘a>;
    • In the past tense and imperative have no prefix letter.
  3. བརྗོད་བདེར་བྱེད་ཚིག་མ་ནིང་འབྱུང་བའི་སྤྱིར་བཏང་བ་
    <brjod bder byed tshig ma ning ‘byung ba’i spyir btang ba>
    “The generic in which the neuter present arises for ease of pronunciation”
    • In the present tense it has one of the neuter prefix letters ག་ <ga> or ད་ <da>.

(The pa-varga refers to the letters of the fourth row of the Tibetan alphabet, viz. པ་ <pa>, ཕ་ <pha>, བ་ <ba>, and མ་ <ma>.)

Examples

The generic of the non-pa-varga:

Future tensePresent tensePast tense
དགག་ dgagའགོག་ ‘gogབཀག་ bkag
དགལ་ dgalའགེལ་ ‘gelབགལ་ bgal
དགོད་ dgodའགོད་ ‘godབཀོད་ bkod

The generic of the pa-varga:

Future tensePresent tensePast tenseImperative
དབབ་ dbabའབེབས་ ‘bebsཕབ་ phabཕོབས་ phob
དབུག་ dbugའབིགས་ ‘bigsཕུག་ phugཕུག་ phug
དབུལ་ dbulའབུལ་ ‘bulཕུལ་ phulཕུལད་ phuld

The generic in which the neuter present arises for ease of pronunciation:

FuturePresentPastImperative
དགར་ dgarདགར་ dgarབཀར་ bkarཁོར་ khor
གཅག་ gcagགཅོག་ gcogབཅག་ bcagབཅོག་ bcog
གཅད་ gcadགཅོད་ gcodབཅད་ bcadཆོད་ chod

Sources:

བོད་ཀྱི་བརྡ་སྤྲོད་ཕྱོགས་བསྒྲིགས། <bod kyi brda sprod phyogs bsgrigs> in 25 volumes (open access) – vol. 11, p. 274

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